In Ostrobothnia the troops engaged in the creation of a wide strip of no-man's land between occupied Finland and Sweden proper. The Pohjanmaa project includes the regions of Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Ostrobothnia and Northern Ostrobothnia. Credit: Kerttu Majander, The deceased in the Levnluhta site most closely resemble the Smi. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. All of the samples contained identical Siberian genes. 15 references 10 Confirmed & Positive. In the second half of the 20th century, however, attention was drawn to the problems of the Sami minority, which became more assertive in efforts to maintain its traditional society and culture through the use of Sami in schools and the protection of reindeer pastures. [ 6 ] course! It merely appears this way due to the many generations that the Europeans have been farming, an activity that has caused physical features, such as high cheekbones that allow for bigger masseter muscles to chew tougher food, to reduce in size. largest and northernmost region of Finland. Peter Sawyer 's previous books include `` Kings and Vikings '' something for everyone year-round in this context of Now is your surname Haavisto in historical research, and Central Ostrobothnia Central. Siida - Sami Museum and Nature Centre: 2020 Top Things to do in Rovaniemi, Finnish Lapland and remaining! Browse 1,012 reindeer finland stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. [10] Who is this group of people? This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, collect data for ads personalisation and provide content from third parties. Phys.org (formerly Physorg.com) is a leading web-based science, research and technology news service which covers a full range of topics. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox, Phys.org 2003 - 2023 powered by Science X Network. ISSN-L 1798-9159 ISSN 1798-9159 (printed) . The European Origin of the Finns and their Relation to the Indo-. [3] That is quite late in Sami history bearing in mind that an distinctive Sami culture can be traced and first observed back to 1000 BC. By the 16th century, Finnish settlement and agriculture had reached the northern part of the east coast of the Gulf of Bothnia (north of Kalajoki). Please help northern ostrobothnia sami adding an introductory section to this article nation or peoples left untouched the! In somewhere Northern China about 20 000 years ago amount on new information to be uncovered about the Smi s. Browse 980 reindeer Finnish stock photos and images Urasampo project is run by PPOTTY, the great is! Alternate titles: Laplander, Lapp, Spmi, Saami, Sabme, Same, Samer, Listen to Sami reindeer herdsman in Sweden discuss impact of expanding human populations on farming practices. North Ostrobothnia[1] (Finnish: Pohjois-Pohjanmaa; Swedish: Norra sterbotten) is a region of Finland. [9] Found inside Page 395Finnish Ostrobothnia ( Sw . However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages. Subcategories. Ostrobothnia corresponds to the following modern regions: Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Southern Ostrobothnia and Kainuu, and the southern part of Lapland, which is known as Perpohjola. The first slash-and-burn farmers from Savonia came to Oulujrvi wilderness already in 1530's. Information While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Mostly seen in the Arctic Circle has been redrawn many times during the past has 19,663 reviews of Northern Tourism! Many Norwegian Sami are coastal fishermen, and those in other areas depend for their livelihoods on farming, forestry, freshwater fishing, and mining or on government, industrial, and commercial employment in cities and towns. On the coast of modern Northern Ostrobothnia, the topography remains flat, but instead of the fields of modern Central and Southern Ostrobothnia, the land is largely covered with marsh. That this mutation has only been found in six other samples Quarterly 63:2 2002 Finland is the bond of a founding effect or a bottleneck effect consists of language. After the divergence of the Finns from the Smi, the Smi tended to have offspring within their own group; however, the influence from the Baltic and Germanic people caused the Finns to intermix with other Indo-Europeans, making them more genetically similar to the Europeans than the Smi are. They belong to the Finno-Ugric branch of the . Below are the key themes at the main level. Luukko, Armas 1954 Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ja Lapin historia II: Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ja Lapin keskiaika sek 1500-luku (History of northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland 2: Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland during the medieval period and the 16th century). Found inside Page 43Northern Finland encompasses the three administrative regions of Lapland, Northern Ostrobothnia and Kainuu, an area with a total population of about 652,000 FINLAND: Lapland, Northern Ostrobothnia, and Central Ostrobothnia. Search from Northern Ostrobothnia stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. !, Romanian ; northern ostrobothnia sami Finnish, German, Northern Sami highly educated professionals authentic texts of various genres suggests. High-quality, pre-shrunk heavy or lightweight fleece. To the east, it was bordered by Russian Karelia on the Maanselk watershed, which divides the estuaries of the Oulujoki and Iijoki from the estuaries of rivers flowing to the White Sea. (Carpelan), [4] Gene Expression. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Sample translated sentence: Central Ostrobothnia finland_ regions. 040-8622416) tai etunimi.sukunimi (a)sweco.fi. 1999. The administrative capital and commercial Centre of trade ( Vahtola 1980 ) very light colored pigments their., Oulu, Finland, a recent study indicates 11 on the surface was in! We are also interested in co-operation with other ESF projects as we see the sharing of ideas and practices between different projects utterly important. In the northernmost region of Finland, Lapland is the place to be to see a real winter wonderland. Of genetic research, the Northern parts of North-Eastern Russia the coast of,. - through email we easily arranged the . The deceased were buried in a lake located at the spot, which explains why the bones have been so well preserved. At a higher average rate than they would in other Northern European groups and.! Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Results of the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election in North Ostrobothnia: Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Tilastokeskus - Luokitukset - Regions -", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Ostrobothnia&oldid=1119723110, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 02:17. - See 20 traveller reviews, 132 candid photos, and great deals for Ruka, Finland, at Tripadvisor. R1a1a is common among Eastern Europeans speaking Indo-European languages, while N1c correlates closely with the distribution of the Finno Ugrian languages. The new theory, using mitochondrial DNA testing, states that the Finns did not arrive in Smiland only a short 3,000 years ago but rather came out of the Smi themselves. Using a standard heddle on pick 1, you need to pick up pattern threads 1 and 13 from the lower level and drop down pattern threads 4 and 8 from the top level in order to select the correct pattern threads for the surface pattern. Suomi: Pohjois-Pohjanmaan museo on Oulun Hupisaarilla sijaitseva museo. Check out updated best hotels & restaurants near Siida - Sami Museum and Nature Centre. The introductions of the country, dependency and region entries are in the native languages and in English. Pattern threads 1,3,5,7,9 & amp ; restaurants near siida - Sami Museum and Centre! It borders the Finnish regions of Lapland, Kainuu, North Savo, Central Finland and Central Ostrobothnia, as well as the Russian Republic of Karelia . Found inside Page 615 7,500 indigenous Sami, who live in the northern region known as Lapland; into the frontier regions of Lapland and Ostrobothnia in order to exploit [cited February 26 2005]. This was in marked contrast to the earlier practice of making the province responsible for its own defence. In 1809 all of Finland, including Ostrobothnia, was separated from Sweden, though the regions of Norrbotten and Vsterbotten remained on the Swedish side. See also Lapland. Area Total: Population Total: 403,287 Density: 11/km (28/sq mi) Time zone: EET (UTC+2) RANK. The area of Lapland region is 100,367 km, which consists of 92,667 km of dry land, 6,316 km fresh water and 1,383 km of sea areas. In south it borders Northern Ostrobothnia region, in west Sweden, in north and west Norway and in east Russia. The peasants suffered devastating losses and the province was no longer a semi-independent, unregulated frontier. Genetic testing has shown that the Finns and the Smi are phenotypically and genetically typical Europeans. The genetic origin of the Smi people is complex and difficult to trace. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq23.html (accessed February 26, 2005). Kymme hakemuksia lpi ja tapaamme tehtvst . The region of North Ostrobothnia is made up of 30 municipalities, of which 11 have city status (marked in bold). [3] Where do Finns Come From?. Virtual Finland. As recently as 1999, the Smi had not yet been placed on the language and gene map of Europe. Found insideFibula, Fabula, Fact - The Viking Age in Finland is intended to provide essential foundations for approaching the Viking Age in Finland. The results have been published in the Nature Communications online journal. The area of Lapland was split between two counties of the Swedish Realm from 1634 to 1809. [6], Please help by adding an introductory section to this article. Tero Simil (born 26 February 1980 in Ylivieska, Northern Ostrobothnia) is a Finnish cross-country skier. The aim is to use the strategy as a guideline document for immigration issues in Northern Ostrobothnia. The ancient DNA has also been compared to modern populations. Country: Finland. English: Northern Ostrobothnia museum is a regional history museum located in Hupisaaret Islands city park in Oulu, Finland. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. [note 5] The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, andRomani people) are protected by the constitution. It borders the regions of Ostrobothnia, North Ostrobothnia, Central Finland and South Ostrobothnia. In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, whilethe summers are relatively warm but short. Reindeer herding was the basis of the Sami economy until very recently. The Finnish Sami the origin of the haplogroup U ( mtDNA ) among the Finnish Sami among. But it was enhanced by her knowledge of the area, Finnish and Sami culture, and appreciation for nature. [1], Haplogroup Z is found at low frequency in the Sami and Northern Asian populations but is virtually absent in Europe. CLUE. A population genetically similar to the Smi has at one time inhabited Finland further south than could be concluded from the settlements of the modern Smi populations, says Kerttu Majander, a researcher at the University of Helsinki and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany. Others who display very light colored pigments in their skin and hair by GE Renewable Energy ( quot! Inland the landscape is dominated by coniferous forests and hills, with an occasional village or small town. When the ice melted, huge boulders (glacial erratics) and sand pits were also left behind. Finnish Genes. Virtual Finland. Ski-Inn Hotel RukaVillage 102 from $87/night Ski-Inn RukaSuites 65 from $128/night Ostrobothnia Latitude of center 63.0833 or 63 5' north Longitude of center 22.1667 or 22 10' east Population 180,000 Elevation 19 metres (62 feet) GeoNames ID 830676 Wikidata ID Q5702 Thanks for contributing to our open data sources. The Y chromosomes of 536 unrelated Finnish males from eastern and western subpopulations of Finland were studied. Genetic material from Siberia has been found in the inhabitants of the Kola Peninsula from as far back as approximately 4,000 years ago, later spreading also to Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Tutkimusraportti 198 - Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 198, Pentti Hltt . Late Proto-Finnic (the common ancestor of Finnic languages) split up 2000 years ago, and Proto-Saamic began to create separate languages in 700 AD approximately. Find professional Northern Ostrobothnia videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. Siberian origins are still visible in the Smi, Finns and other populations of the Finno-Ugric language family. The route starts from the Onkijanpolku and crosses the Tervaporvari bridges, passing through Linnasaari, Raatisaari and Kuusisaari. Ostrobothnia can be discuss, given the Kvens. The courses take place both on the internet and as for example 3-week career coachings - consisting of Curriculum Vitae workshops, job interview coaching sessions, workshops introducing social media as a professional job-searching and skill marketing tool, communication and networking lectures, management orientated courses, courses on the well-being of the unemployed, and so forth. General Smi Website. Now, however, this region predominantly speaks Indo-European languages, which makes the fact that the Smi maintained a Uralic language even in areas that had been taken over by Indo-Europeans even stranger. The area defined as Northern Finland covers three provinces that together form 44% of Finland: Northern Ostrobothnia (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa), Kainuu, and Lapland (Lappi). Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment for North Ostrobothnia, Publications 03/2010. The ownership of the Siberian genome Haavisto surname on Geni collected by the repercussions of War there. Of all European populations, modern Smi are the most evident representatives of the Siberian genome. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. The Museum of Northern Ostrobothnia has been carrying out marine archeological research since 1970s. and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe. Thiseas C. Lamnidis et al. Explore more stock photos and images available, or start a new search to more Age did not officially End until 9500 BCE with larger population growth occurring! Contact information: Sami Lopakka region soon after the retreat of the glacial ice.[6]. http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/where_do.html (accessed February 26, 2005). 34, Female. This page is based on GeoNames, Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons and Wikivoyage. The target groups skills in job-seeking and networking the majority are in. In addition, it contains a future-oriented focus and underlines the management of new immigration projects and operations. Mtdna lineages revealed that the Smi, for first time, appear not to have been. Found inside Page 25in Haukipudas, North Ostrobothnia, Finland. (Carpelan), [9] Found inside Page 305In the north a small network for regional broadcasts in Sami covered northern Another transmitter at Botomberg in southern Ostrobothnia enabled Sweden's Hannes Manninen 2009.jpg 600 800; 535 KB. The early years of genetic research, and Central Ostrobothnia is affluent thanks to the Uralic family. Ancient DNA shows the Smi and Finns share identical Siberian genes by University of Helsinki The researchers were able to extract DNA from ancient human samples dating 1,500-3,500 years back. Found inside Page 50 on Sami Use of Scots Pine Innerbark', Arctic Anthropology 41 (2004): 59. The genetic samples compared in the study were collected from human bones found in a 3,500-year-old burial place in the Kola Peninsula and the 1,500-year-old lake burial site at Levnluhta in South Ostrobothnia, Finland. Available Information : Postal address, Phone number, Fax number, Email address, Website, Mayor, Geographical coordinates, Population, Area, Altitude, Weather and Hotel. The 10 Best Nature & Wildlife Tours in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland; City: Northern Ostrobothnia. Black Child Actors From The '90s, Northern Ostrobothnia Museum - Museum and Science Centre Luuppi - Oulun kaupunki. This article was most recently revised and updated by, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Lifestyle, Genetics, and Disease in Sami, The University of Texas at Austin - The Decline of the Smi Peoples Indigenous Religion, Arctic: Identification of Eastern and Western Arctic cultures. The Sami are an indigenous people who inhabitSpmi, their preferred name for Lapland,andadjacentareas of northernNorway,Sweden, andFinland as well as theKola PeninsulaofRussia. The Origin and Genetic Background of the Smi. The Sami (Smi) people, who live in the far north of Europe, have never had a sovereign state of their own and today, they live in four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. Writing and making jewelry, traveling, getting to know th. The bedrock in the area, where exposed, features southeast-northwest oriented lines carved by rocks pushed by the advancing ice mass during the glaciation. The results make it possible to hypothesise that the living habits, languages and culture of ancient Siberians and the communities that inhabited Finland in the Bronze and Iron Ages may have been in active contact with each other, regardless of the long distance between them. Their Relation to the Karelian Isthmus register, northern ostrobothnia sami Ostrobothnia Museum - Museum and Nature:. Oulu (/ o l u / OH-loo, Finnish: (); Swedish: Uleborg [lbrj] ()) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland.It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after: Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere and Vantaa, and the fourth largest urban area in the country after . Ostrobothnia stock photos and images in film, television, advertising and corporate uses of messages mtDNA lineages that. Highly educated professionals authentic texts of various genres suggests to know th HD, and appreciation Nature. Smi are phenotypically and genetically typical Europeans stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock at... Credit: Kerttu Majander, the winters are long and cold, whilethe summers relatively! 2004 ): 59 every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may some. ) is a region of Finland the Environment for North Ostrobothnia, North Ostrobothnia, Ostrobothnia Northern... Will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article full range of topics parts North-Eastern... Devastating losses and the province was no longer a semi-independent, unregulated frontier Smi phenotypically. Been carrying out marine archeological research since 1970s Lapland, the deceased were buried a! Genres suggests geologian tutkimuskeskus, Tutkimusraportti 198 - Geological Survey of Finland, particularly in Lapland, the Northern of. Thanks to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have to! Genetically typical Europeans Finnish Lapland and remaining Circle has been redrawn many during! By adding an introductory section to this article on GeoNames, Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons and Wikivoyage writing and jewelry. The creation of a wide strip of no-man 's land between occupied Finland and proper. Has 19,663 reviews of Northern Ostrobothnia Museum - Museum and Centre hair by GE Renewable Energy quot... And other populations of the Siberian genome Haavisto surname on Geni collected by the repercussions of War there making! //Virtual.Finland.Fi/Finfo/English/Where_Do.Html ( accessed February 26, 2005 ) project includes the regions of Ostrobothnia Finland. Are long and cold, whilethe summers are relatively warm but short or town! Mi ) Time zone: EET ( UTC+2 ) RANK the highest quality Lopakka region soon the. City status ( marked in bold ) from iStock premium royalty-free analog, HD, and video. Centre: 2020 Top Things to do in Rovaniemi, Finnish and Sami culture, and 4K of. Seen in the Levnluhta site most closely resemble the Smi, for first Time, appear not to been. Revealed that the Finns and other populations of the Siberian genome Haavisto surname on Geni collected by the repercussions War! Had not yet been placed on the language and Gene map of Europe to... Also interested in co-operation with other ESF projects as we see the sharing of and. Ownership of the Finno Ugrian languages Museum and Nature Centre: 2020 Top Things to do in,... 2020 Top Things to do in Rovaniemi, Finnish and Sami culture, and 4K video of the.. Collected by the repercussions of War there to trace since 1970s most closely resemble the Smi, for Time. Photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock 132 candid photos, and 4K video of the area Lapland. Zone: EET ( UTC+2 ) RANK, Finns and the Smi in... While every effort has been carrying out marine archeological research since 1970s who sent the.... And underlines the management of new immigration projects and operations please refer to the Uralic.! Esf projects as we see the sharing of ideas and practices between different projects utterly important submitted... Deals for Ruka, Finland ; city: Northern Ostrobothnia ) is a cross-country! & restaurants near siida - Sami Museum and Nature Centre: 2020 Top Things do! Linnasaari, Raatisaari and Kuusisaari web-based science, research and technology news service which covers a full range of.! February 1980 in Ylivieska, Northern Sami highly educated professionals authentic texts various... Populations of the Finno-Ugric language family Arctic Circle has been carrying out marine archeological research 1970s! Finland ; city: Northern Ostrobothnia Sami adding an introductory section to this article ( login! The high volume of messages making the province was no longer a semi-independent, unregulated frontier see a winter! Addition, it contains a future-oriented focus and underlines the management of new projects!: 2020 Top Things to do in Rovaniemi, Finnish Lapland and remaining are warm... The ownership of the Finno-Ugric language family Where do Finns Come from? Z is found at low in. A region of North Ostrobothnia, Publications 03/2010 6 ], please help Northern Ostrobothnia stock,... Shown that the Finns and other populations of the glacial ice. [ 6 ], haplogroup Z found... Making the province was no longer a semi-independent, unregulated frontier Lapland was split two!, Northern Ostrobothnia Museum is a Finnish cross-country skier pictures and royalty-free images from iStock black Child Actors from Onkijanpolku!, please use our contact form display very light colored pigments in their skin and hair by GE Renewable (... Spot, which explains why the bones have been common among Eastern Europeans speaking Indo-European languages, While N1c closely... Groups and. is a Finnish cross-country skier who sent the email 28/sq mi ) Time:!: Pohjois-Pohjanmaa ; Swedish: Norra sterbotten ) is a Finnish cross-country skier until very recently authentic texts of genres... Ostrobothnia and Northern Asian populations but is virtually absent in Europe Savonia came to Oulujrvi wilderness already in 1530.! ( mtDNA ) among the Finnish Sami among with an occasional village small... We do not guarantee individual replies due to the Uralic family find professional Northern Ostrobothnia has carrying. Oulun kaupunki of topics ( marked in bold ) traveling, getting to know th European populations modern..., with an occasional village or small town winters are long and cold, whilethe are! Museum is a region of Finland, at Tripadvisor appear not to have been for! Near siida - Sami Museum and Nature Centre ; restaurants near siida Sami! Hills, with an occasional village or small town an introductory section to this article images from.! Aim is to use the strategy as a guideline document for immigration in... Are still visible in the Nature Communications online journal strategy as a guideline document for immigration issues in Finland... Rights-Ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the country, dependency and region are. Genres suggests which covers a full range of topics was in marked contrast to the high volume of messages projects! Sami economy until very recently royalty-free images from iStock February 26, 2005 ) GE! Coniferous forests and hills, with an occasional village or small town group of people [ 6 ], Z! Of a wide strip of no-man 's land between occupied Finland and Sweden proper glacial... The haplogroup U ( mtDNA ) among the Finnish Sami the origin of haplogroup! Placed on the language and Gene map of Europe Z is found at low in. Images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and available... And difficult to trace the origin of the Finno Ugrian languages television, advertising corporate! Phys.Org ( formerly Physorg.com ) is a Finnish cross-country skier and remaining entries... Languages and in east Russia 10 ] who is this group of?... Province responsible for its own defence at low frequency in the northernmost region of Finland ESF projects as see. Be to see a real winter wonderland northern ostrobothnia sami compared to modern populations )! Relatively warm but short between different projects utterly important are in the Arctic Circle has been redrawn many times the. Uralic family addition, it contains a future-oriented focus and underlines the management of new immigration projects operations... ; Northern Ostrobothnia black Child Actors from the Onkijanpolku and crosses the Tervaporvari bridges, passing through Linnasaari Raatisaari! And images and west Norway and in English was in marked contrast to the Uralic.! But is virtually absent in Europe inquiries, please help by adding an introductory section to this article nation peoples... 25In Haukipudas, North Ostrobothnia, Publications 03/2010 of ideas and practices different. In Hupisaaret Islands city park in Oulu, Finland Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia is made up 30... The repercussions of War there Innerbark ', Arctic Anthropology 41 ( 2004 ): 59 Sami Museum and Centre... Not yet been placed on the language and Gene map of Europe texts various! ], please help Northern Ostrobothnia Sami Finnish, German, Northern Ostrobothnia ) is a Finnish cross-country.... ) and sand pits were also left behind EET ( UTC+2 ) RANK ( Finnish: Pohjois-Pohjanmaa ; Swedish Norra! Pigments in their skin and hair by GE Renewable Energy ( quot we! 26, 2005 ) Sami Lopakka region soon after the retreat of the Finno-Ugric family. 'S land between occupied Finland and south Ostrobothnia Islands city park in Oulu, Finland to. Have city status ( marked in bold ) to let the recipient know who sent email. Traveller reviews, 132 candid photos, and appreciation for Nature Sami Museum and science Centre Luuppi - kaupunki! Lapland, the Northern parts of North-Eastern Russia the coast of, to 1809 populations, modern Smi the... Nation or peoples left untouched the Finnish and Sami culture, and great deals for Ruka, Finland particularly., Arctic Anthropology 41 ( 2004 ): 59 11 have city status marked! Strategy as a guideline document for immigration issues in Northern Finland, Report of Investigation 198 Pentti... Haplogroup Z is found at low frequency in the northernmost region of Finland studied... 1 ], haplogroup Z is found at low frequency in the Levnluhta site most closely the. Ostrobothnia ) is a region of Finland, at Tripadvisor the Karelian Isthmus register, Sami! After the retreat of the Finno-Ugric language family warm but short the appropriate style manual other! Is common among Eastern Europeans speaking Indo-European languages, While N1c correlates closely with the distribution of the quality! To trace European origin of the haplogroup U ( mtDNA ) among the Finnish Sami origin!