Among its highlights is the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the symbols of Bulgaria, constructed in the late 19th century. In the rotundas immediate proximity, in the underpass leading to the Serdika metro station, is The Saint. During the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, Suleiman Pasha threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, Vito Positano, Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. We provide training, technical assistance, and information resources on all phases of new-jail planning. It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as Vitosha by the southern side, Lyulin by the western side, and the Balkan Mountains by the north, which makes it the third highest European capital after Andorra la Vella and Madrid. ", National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, "Sofia Council - 2019-2023", ":: 27 2019", "The party of Kuneva overcomes the falsified ballots with machines", "Escaped from Arena Armeets tell about the nightmare", "The head of the electoral commission in Sofia is resigning at the request of Borissov", " :: 2015", " ? As incarcerated individuals progress to lower security levels, they receive additional privileges and autonomy to make pro-social decisions. The data generated through the classification process can also be used for operational, management, and planning purposes. The Iskar flows north and forms the Iskar Gorge. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. In Sofia there are 607,473 dwellings and 101,696 buildings. Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. [132], Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. They can be considered as a single complex, and played an important role in preserving the Bulgarian spiritual heritage during the centuries of Ottoman occupation. Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the Bulgarian National Television, bTV and Nova TV. Nu Image acquired the studios to upgrade them into Nu Boyana Film Studios, used to shoot scenes for a number of action movies like The Expendables 2, Rambo: Last Blood and London Has Fallen.[147][148]. Sofia is the second highest capital of the European Union (after Madrid) and the third highest capital of Europe (after Andorra la Vella and Madrid). Sofia is ranked as Beta- global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. This document also provides guidelines for designing a classification system specifically for women. The Saint Sofia Basilica, founded during the reign of Justinian (reign 527-565), is one of the oldest churches in the capital. Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were Friedrich Grnanger, Adolf Vclav Kol, and Viktor Rumpelmayer, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite. This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 15:42. This church was built in 1912, and was designed by the Russian architect Alexander Pomerantsev. "Sofia. Inmates incarcerated in the ADOC will be classified into groups by security level, custody, and program needs as defined in the ADOC Classification Manual. This is due to the fact that three temples of three major world religionsChristianity, Islam and Judaismare situated close together: Sveta Nedelya Church, Banya Bashi Mosque and Sofia Synagogue. The Bulgarian patron saint John of Rila was buried in Sredets by orders of Emperor Peter I in the mid 10th century. In 1530 Sofia became the capital of the Ottoman province (beylerbeylik) of Rumelia for about three centuries. [166] In 2015, Forbes listed Sofia as one of the top 10 places in the world to launch a startup business, because of the low corporate tax (10%), the fast internet connection speeds available one of the fastest in the world, and the presence of several investment funds, including Eleven Startup Accelerator, LAUNCHub and Neveq. [98], It was once again incorporated into the restored Bulgarian Empire in 1194 at the time of Emperor Ivan Asen I and became a major administrative and cultural centre. There are many more capitals in the city, such as the Polytechnical Museum, the Museum of Anthropology, and the Sports Museum. We provide training to help local jurisdictions learn the core elements of CITs and assess agency readiness to start a CIT. Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. [133], With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people (as of 2009[update]) Sofia is a quite safe capital city. Being a pedestrian zone, it is a very pleasant place for strolling and relaxation. [48], Summers are quite warm and sunny. [23] It was Europe's most affordable capital to visit in 2013. It was the first edict legalising Christianity, preceding the Edict of Milan by two years. The President, along with the Council of Ministers, is located on Independence Square, also known as The Largo or The Triangle of Power. During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the Republic of Ragusa. The earliest works where this latest name is registered are the duplicate of the Gospel of Serdica, in a dialogue between two salesmen from Dubrovnik around 1359, in the 14th-century Vitosha Charter of Bulgarian tsar Ivan Shishman and in a Ragusan merchant's notes of 1376. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. [210] More than 20,000 students[211] study in its 16 faculties. [112], In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria was fighting alone practically all of its neighbouring countries. Known as Serdica in Antiquity and Sredets in the Middle Ages, Sofia has been an area of human habitation since at least 7000 BC. The Konyarnika Center is 1,507 meters high. [43][44] Fog is not unusual, especially in the beginning of the season. The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat Vasil Levski National Stadium which hosts international football matches, as well as Balgarska Armia Stadium, Georgi Asparuhov Stadium and Lokomotiv Stadium, the main venues for outdoor musical concerts. [22], Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for start-up businesses in the world, especially in information technologies. The National Institute of Corrections helps agencies develop or modify their . Sofia (/sofi, sf-, sofi/ SOH-fee-, SOF-;[14][15] Bulgarian: , romanized:Sofiya,[16][17] IPA:[sfij] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. 78", " - 01.1887 - 12.2007", "Weather Sofia Monthly Weather History- freemeteo.bg", ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/BU/15614.TXT, "Weather Sofia Daily Weather History| freemeteo.bg", "Sofia, Bulgaria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast", "Air pollution in Sofia, other Bulgarian cities hugely exceeded norms several times this winter", "Bulgaria's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe, Study Finds, Followed by Poland", "Bulgaria: Bad air quality in Sofia on January 6 2018", "Sofia Municipal Council Adopted Measures to Tackle Air Pollution", "Brussels: Sofia has no projects targeting air pollution standartnews.com", "Odrysian Kingdom - the first country on the Balkans", " 24.04.2016 9:331205 ", "Dio, Roman History, Book 51, chapter 25", "Trakiia 12 41- "Da diese mit ihrem blinden Knig Siras verbndete der Rmer waren ergab dies den Vorwand fr den Kriegszug von Crassus. Sofia's geographic location, in the foothills of the weekend retreat Vitosha mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere. ODRC attempts to place incarcerated individuals in an appropriate security level prison in a geographic area reasonably close to the incarcerated individual's home to facilitate visitation by loved ones. Amongst others, the population consisted of Muslims, Bulgarian and Greek speaking Orthodox Christians, Armenians, Georgians, Catholic Ragusans, Jews (Romaniote, Ashkenazi and Sephardi), and Romani people. [199] Marshrutkas provide an efficient and popular means of transport by being faster than public transport, but cheaper than taxis. [209], Other institutions of national significance, such as the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the SS. The city became an inseparable part of The First Bulgarian Empire (7th-9th centuries) under Han Omurtag (reign 814-831). Sofia preserves many valuable monuments to its long and storied past. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. Inmates designated as a verified Security Risk Group member are classified as level three. Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. Since 2015, the National Art Gallery, the National Gallery for Foreign Art (NGFA) and the Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Arsenal were merged to form the National Gallery. In 2015 seven new stations were opened and the underground extended to Sofia Airport on its Northern branch and to Business Park Sofia on its Southern branch. [174] The IT sector is highly diverse and includes both multinational corporations, local companies and start-ups. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajan (reign 98-117 CE), the city took his name, Ulpia Serdika, and became the administrative center of the region. [158] Nearly all of these were constructed as competition venues and therefore have seating facilities for several hundred people. "[A]reas in which jails tend to be deficient, suggesting the need for new or revised forms of NIC assistance" are identified (p.2). Sredets became a major administrative, economic, cultural and literary hub until its conquest by the Ottomans in 1382. It is the policy of the ODRC to maintain a classification level system that creates a process for the classification of individuals according to their security risk. The city is a preferred destination for international congresses, and there are a great many halls and centers offering possibilities for every need. This web site uses cookies. [173] The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship. The lowest recorded temperature is 31.2C (24F) (16 January 1893). The decision was announced in November 2014 by the Evaluation Committee of ACES Europe, on the grounds that "the city is a good example of sport for all, as means to improve healthy lifestyle, integration and education, which are the basis of the initiative.". [125] A precedent happened, due to the suspicion, as a preventative action between 300 and 5000 people and counters had been locked inside Arena Armeets against their will for two days,[126] following which the director of the Electoral Commission of Sofia resigned at the request of Prime Minister Boyko Borisov. The city was called Atralisa by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion by the Crusaders. Regular performances began in 1909. [190], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380km (1,479mi)),[191] tram (308km (191mi))[192] and trolleybus (193km (120mi))[193] lines running in all areas of the city. Popov, Dimitar (ed.). [145] The Ivan Vazov National Theatre, which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. [202] The municipality was known for minor and cosmetic repairs and many streets are in a poor condition. These include the First English Language School, 91st German Language School, 164th Spanish Language School, and the Lyce Franais. III. Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. The city gained its present name at the end of the 14th century, in honor of the citys major symbol, The Saint Sofia Basilica. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the northern foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the Sofia Valley that is surrounded by the Balkan mountains to the north. Since it is the nations capital, Sofia constantly plays host to important cultural and musical events, conferences, and sports competitions. ", Jen Fitz. Borisov Park is right in the center of the city, and South Park is next to the National Palace of Culture. The NIC Jails Division's services include training, networks, technical assistance, and information resources, such as documents and DVDs. It is thought that the church was built in the 6th century, during the reign of Constantine the Great. The city receives an average precipitation of 625.7mm (24.63in) a year, reaching its peak in late spring and early summer when thunderstorms are common. Booking Date 1/6/2023 4:12 PM; Release Date; Scheduled Release Date; Prisoner Type Pretrial Inmate; Classification VG3; Housing Facility Jefferson County Jail - Birmingham; Total Bond Amount; Total Bail Amount $0.00; Booking Origin . [188] All major types of transport (except water) are represented in the city. While the 1818 and 1858 earthquakes were intense and destructive, the 2012 Pernik earthquake occurred west of Sofia with a moment magnitude of 5.6 and a much lower Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). Amid of the citys religious landmarks, directly across from The Presidential Palace, is the National Archeological Museum, which has in its collection some of the most valuable treasures discovered in Bulgaria. The National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems. During May and June, The Palace of Culture welcomes performers participating in the festival Sofia Music Weeks. The capitals many theaters and galleries offer a wide range of interesting exhibits and shows. Sredets joined the uprising of Peter Delyan in 10401041 in a failed attempt to restore Bulgarian independence and was the last stronghold of the rebels, led by the local commander Botko. Marazov, Ivan (ed.). [203] Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. [153] Tennis is increasingly popular in the city. We provide training on key elements in jail administration, jail resource management, and building a productive relationship between jail officials and their funding authority. During the Second World War, Bulgaria declared war on the US and UK on 13 December 1941 and in late 1943 and early 1944 the US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia. [200] Additionally, all-electric vehicles are available through carsharing company Spark, which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.[201]. Basketball and volleyball also have strong traditions in Sofia. There is also a wide variety of hostels and smaller family guesthouses. Being in the centre of the Balkans, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and closest to the Aegean Sea.[18][19]. Heinrichs. [168] The total nominal GDP in 2018 was 38.5billion leva ($22.4billion), or 33,437 leva ($19,454) per capita,[169][170] and average monthly wages in March 2020 were $1,071, the highest nationally. Without a doubt, one of the most beautiful buildings in Sofia is the Ivan Vazov National Theater. New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware. [116] Sofia's architecture combines a wide range of architectural styles, some of which are aesthetically incompatible. DEFINITION(S) AND ACRONYM(S) Over 99.6% of males and females aged over 9 are recorded as literate. Another Christian monument in the region is the Saint Joseph Catholic Cathedral. Sofia has been settled for many millennia. [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. Level 3 - The security level that is the next degree higher than Level 2, and requires more security/supervision than Level 2, but less than Level 4. There are 221 general, 11 special and seven arts or sports schools, 56 vocational gymnasiums and colleges, and four independent colleges. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today. Artificial and dam lakes were built in the twentieth century. When the Romanian Army entered Vrazhdebna in 1913, then a village 11 kilometres (7 miles) from Sofia, now a suburb,[113] this prompted the Tsardom of Bulgaria to capitulate. In general, the capital is a shoppers delight, since Sofia is still one of the major crossroads on the Balkan Peninsula for a trade of all kinds The citys annual celebration is observed on September 17, in honor of the martyrdom of Saint Sofia and her three daughters Vyara (Faith), Nadezhda (Hope), and Lyubov (Love). There are a great many luxury hotels, including those a part of international hotel chains. The slopes are suitable for both experienced skiers beginners. Sofia also connects The Near East and The Middle East, lying between the banks of the Danube and the shores of the White Sea on the one hand, and between the Black Sea and the Adriatic on the other. In the 15th and 16th century, Sofia was expanded by Ottoman building activity. Of the population aged 1564 265,248 people within the municipality (28.5%) are not economically active, the unemployed being another group of 55,553 people (6%), a large share of whom have completed higher education. On the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha, in the Boyana District, is located the National Museum of History, with its collection from prehistoric times to the present day. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. From 1018-1094, Sredets was under Byzantine rule, but remained an important strategic, economic, and cultural center. The families that consist of two people are 46.8%, another 34.2% of the families are made up by three people, whereas most of the households (36.5%) consist of only one person.[116]. Other points of interest in the city include the Lion Bridge, the Eagle Bridge, the Russian Monument, and the monument to Vasil Levski (a Bulgarian revolutionary hero who gave his life in the struggle to free Bulgaria from the Ottomans in the 19th century). The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of 304.6mm (11.99in), while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of 1,066.6mm (41.99in). In addition, Sofia hosted EuroBasket 1957 and the 1961 and 1977 Summer Universiades, as well as the 1983 and 1989 winter editions. [68] Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. These vary from Christian Roman architecture and medieval Bulgarian fortresses to Neoclassicism and prefabricated Socialist-era apartment blocks. [134] Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including Bulgarian mafia killings, caused problems in the city,[135] where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,[136] which had caused the European Commission to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime[137] (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007). [174] The sector employs about 50,000 professionals, 30% of them involved in programming, and contributes for 14% of the city's exports. Ten of the peaks in the Vitosha Range are over 2,000 meters; the highest is Cherni Vrah (Black Peak), in the center of the park, at 2,290 meters. The author outlines specific aspects of system implementation, automation, monitoring, and evaluation of OJC systems. [24] In 1979, the Boyana Church in Sofia was included onto the World Heritage List, and it was deconstructed in the Second Bulgarian Empire, holding much patrimonial symbolism to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The route from Western Europe to Istanbul passes through Sofia via Beograd and Skopje, then through Plovdiv to Turkey. These elements are: assessing risk and needs; assigning inmates to housing; meeting inmates basic needs; defining and conveying expectations for inmate behavior; supervising inmates; and keeping inmates productively occupied. [109], Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed in that war, seven of them destroyed in one night in December 1878 when a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers. US and UK Air forces conducted bombings over Sofia, Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Arsenal, Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria, " | ", "Archaeologist Discovers 8,000-Year-Old Nephrite 'Frog-like' Swastika in Slatina Neolithic Settlement in Bulgaria's Capital Sofia Archaeology in Bulgaria", "CITIES AND THEIR URBANISED AREAS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA", "Nsi National Register of Populated Places ", "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab", "Triangle of Religious Tolerance (1903) iCulturalDiplomacy", "10 Things We Can all Learn from Bulgaria's Square of Religious Tolerance", "Sofia is one of the top 10 places for start-up businesses in the world, Bulgarian National TV", "Is Europe's most affordable capital worth the trip? Iztok Zapad, 2005. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980 (. [51] The warmest year on record was 2019 with an annual temperature of 11.9C (53F).[52]. [173] However, after the political changes in 1989, this kind of citizenship was removed. Inmates serving an out of state sentence must be initially classified as level four. On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of 96cm (37.8in) and 57 days with snow cover. The National Palace of Culture, the citys football stadiums, and the citys large halls are venues for concerts and performances by famous individuals and groups. One of the most popular tourist destinations in Sofia, the church can hold roughly 5,000 people, and on important Christian holidays, it is filled with believers. 18792004". Skiing equipment can be rented and skiing lessons are available. Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the Bulgarian National Revival. [207], A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. : +359 2 49 49 315 E-mail:largo@info-sofia.bg, Info Point Chitalnyata (The reading room), Tel. These are among the most sought-after secondary schools, along with Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School and the High School of Mathematics, which topped the 2018 preference list for high school candidates. Kliment Ohridski, Tel. Petka Samardzhiyska Church is built in the 11th century. [138] Many of the most severe crimes are contract killings that are connected to organised crime, but these had dropped in recent years after several arrests of gang members. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. [130] One of the three buildings in the architectural ensemble, the former Bulgarian Communist Party headquarters, is due to become the seat of the Parliament. [20] The city has been described as the "triangle of religious tolerance". [146] Over the past two decades, numerous independent cinemas have closed and most shows are in shopping centre multiplexes. The 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake was also noticed in the city. In 1870 the Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski established a revolutionary committee in the city and in the neighbouring villages. During the Communist era, most sports clubs concentrated on all-round sporting development, therefore CSKA, Levski, Lokomotiv and Slavia are dominant not only in football, but in many other team sports as well. Serdica expanded, as turrets, protective walls, public baths, administrative and cult buildings, a civic basilica, an amphitheatre, a circus, the City council (Boul), a large forum, a big circus (theatre), etc. [140] According to a survey, almost a third of Sofia's residents say that they never feel safe in the Bulgarian capital, while 20% always feel safe. Roman emperors Aurelian (215275)[90] and Galerius (260311)[91] were born in Serdica. Sofia is located in the western part of the country, on The Sofia Plain and the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha. [83], In 2729 BC, according do Dio Cassius, Pliny and Ptolemy, the region "Segetike" was attacked by Crassus, which is assumed to be Serdica, or the city of the Serdi. Most prominent churches such as Saint Sofia and Saint George were converted into mosques, and a number of new ones were constructed, including Banya Bashi Mosque built by the renowned Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan. One of Sofias favorite spots for both visitors and residents is Vitosha Boulevard. [105][106] In 1610 the Vatican established the See of Sofia for Catholics of Rumelia, which existed until 1715 when most Catholics had emigrated. After the abolition of Communism in 1989, Sofia witnessed the construction of whole business districts and neighbourhoods, as well as modern skryscraper-like glass-fronted office buildings, but also top-class residential neighbourhoods. Overall, Sofia has 186km (116 miles) of railway lines. We also sponsor a peer-training network for large jail administrators, including meetings and an online discussion forum. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of Neo-Baroque, Neo-Rococo, Neo-Renaissance and Neoclassicism, with the Vienna Secession also later playing an important part, but it is most typically Central European. The Parliament Building, Monument to the Liberator (in honor of the Russian Tsar Alexander II, who was instrumental in freeing Bulgaria from Ottoman rule), and the campus of Sofia University Saint Kliment Ohradski are three more of the citys major symbols.
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