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For a partial rebreather mask with 35 to 60 percent oxygen, the liter flow must be set between 8 and 15 liters. Oxymizers might be the best-kept secret of respiratory therapy. No real risks (aside from potentially delaying intubation). Achieves immediate behavioral control and sedation. vs 766652 sec. Concept to understand: Minute Ventilation (MV) = VT x RR and Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate (PIFR) is essentially how fast you draw your breath in, which will be influenced by your MV (if your RR t, your PIFR (flow . Haloperidol seems to be roughly half as potent as droperidol, but haloperidol can achieve similar clinical effects when dosed appropriately. antibiotics, bronchodilators, steroids). Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Change back to the pendant when finished. Various designs are available as shown above. In heart failure, CPAP is as effective as BiPAP. The usual range of flow rate is ~20-60 liters/minute. Of course, not all patients will respond favorably to noninvasive ventilation. N=43 patients with severe COPD (age: 609y, FEV1: 3716% pred.) These systems use air-entrainment or blending systems to create precise Fi02. B: Optiflow. However, many patients with somnolence due to hypercapnia will do fine on BiPAP. 7). Conclusion: nasolaryngoscopy, intubation with a double-setup). Overall, ketamine is useful for patients who are truly crashing (and thus unable to wait long enough to use another agent). Patients can drink liquids through a straw. This can be helpful for those who need more oxygen to breathe or for businesses that need to produce less air without sacrificing quality. F-224 Oxymizer can be used with up to 20 lpm of continuous flow. Would you like email updates of new search results? HFNC can be delivered from 8-60L/min (30-60 L/min in adults), and an FIO2 of 100%. Whats the difference between an oxymizer and a CNC? How can the Oxymizer achieve a savings ratio of up to 4:1? Delayed triggering of the ventilator may reduce the mechanical support of breaths. The optimal strategy for setting BiPAP is unknown (and in all likelihood, no universally applicable strategy exists). Heart failure and COPD are somewhat unique in this chapter, as situations where there is a definitive front-line therapy. Find clinical evidence and practice guidelines for delivering nasal high flow (aka HFNC) therapy. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Air-oxygen blender with a flow meter is the most common. Abstract. Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address. . 3. High-flow oxygen therapy is applied with a special binasal high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), and a heated inspiratory breathing circuit. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) can supply a mixture of air and oxygen via a heated and humidified circuit at a very high flow. If the patient is so intoxicated that respiratory support is needed, then antidotal therapy is indicated (e.g. Basic setup for high-flow nasal cannula oxygen delivery. The second objective of this study was to compare the effect of breathing with the mouth open versus with the mouth closed on F IO 2 while receiving oxygen via nasal can - nula at each liter flow (1 6 L/min for low-flow nasal can-nulas, 6 15 L/min for high-flow nasal cannulas . An oxygen oxymizer is a device used to reduce the amount of oxygen in air. Apart from the physical differences of each device, the primary difference is that face masks allow higher concentrations and rates of flow of oxygen. Low-flow devices include a standard nasal cannula, venturi mask (venti mask), or non-rebreather face-mask (NRB). For hypoxemic respiratory failure, the frontline treatment is supplemental oxygen. An air/oxygen blender can provide precise oxygen delivery independent of the patient's inspiratory flow demands. The Mustache Oxymizer (F-224) can be used with a continuous oxygen flow of 20 LPM. Methods: Patients were randomized to either protocol A (n = 25; HFFM followed by HFNP) or protocol B (n = 25; HFNP followed by HFFM) after a stabilization period of 30 minutes after extubation. The sequelae from these effects may need to be factored into the health-care provider's workflow, especially for respiratory therapists and nurses.39, During the past 2 decades, increasing utilization of NIV has been important in the field of respiratory support.58,4046 No studies, however, reported a 100% success rate.42,47 One major reason for this is patient discomfort or intolerance of interfaces. The Oxymizer device is a special oxygen nasal cannula that provides a higher luminal diameter in combination with an incorporated oxygen reservoir. Besides disturbing sleep, this rainout may induce coughing and desaturation. Nan. As FIO2 increases, air entrainment decreases; however, the required rise in oxygen flow to keep the total flow constant also generates more noise. Reservoir tubing An Oxymizer mustache or pendant can increase the amount of oxygen delivered or make the oxygen last longer. What is the flow rate for a nasal cannula? Overall, there is a growing consensus that noninvasive ventilation is a front-line therapy here (with persistent controversy regarding which pressures to use). Asthmatics may have acute bronchospasm as a primary problem. 1).24 Below, the advantages and disadvantages of each element are discussed separately. cardiac arrest). The lower the ambient temperature, the more likely there is to be condensation. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 3). Spielmanns M, Fuchs-Bergsma C, Winkler A, Fox G, Krger S, Baum K. Respir Care. In addition to a longer cycling duration, O2 saturation at isotime was significantly higher with the Oxymizer (93.5 5.4 vs. 90.4 5.3%; p = 0.027). The noise level of the MaxVenturi was loudest among the systems, regardless of settings. 337 0 obj <> endobj If HFNC is available, then HFNC is generally superior to venturi masks or non-rebreather face-masks (especially for. Forty-three patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, age 60 9 years, FEV1 37 16% pred.) The underlying diagnosis is more important than the ABG values in determining how to treat the patient. Venous blood gas is entirely adequate in nearly all cases (unless the VBG oxygen saturation is. Overall, this leads to a more efficient transfer of oxygen to the patient, thereby achieving a higher effective FiO2. The exact pressure at which aspiration risk increases is unclear, but this probably occurs around 20 cm. monitoring of tidal volumes and minute ventilation on the BiPAP machine). Rather than using a heating wire inside the limb, warm water runs between the outer lumen and inner lumen through which medical gas is delivered. If the bag is not inflated enough, then you have to increase the oxygen flow. CPAP is useful in situations where all you need is to increase the airway pressure: (1) For heart failure, CPAP is as effective as BiPAP. In other situations, it may be wise to transition to HFNC if there are difficulties tolerating BiPAP. Therefore, Heliox. Background: The Oxymizer is a special nasal cannula that provides a higher luminal diameter in combination with an incorporated oxygen (O2) reservoir. If you're lucky, the flowmeter will specify the max flow rate on it (example below). To be clear: there are generally no advantages (and potentially some. Let's start by defining the flow in the different oxygen devices. This site represents our opinions only. In the 2000s, less invasive high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy gained attention as an alternative means of respiratory support for patients who were critically ill. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is an oxygen supply system capable of delivering up to 100% humidified and heated oxygen at a flow rate of up to 60 liters per minute. Heliox will often reduce their work of breathing substantially. Please note that arterial blood gas values aren't needed to determine which device to use. (2) An increase in the pressure when the patient triggers a breath (the inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure, or iPAP). Description. The .gov means its official. An oxygen oxymizer is a device used to increase the amount of oxygen in air. oxygen tank, portable oxygen concentrator) to an individual needing oxygen. Features a built-in humidification effect. Increase to 18cm inspiratory pressure / 8 cm expiratory pressure. The physiology of asthma is often similar to COPD, although the two diseases aren't identical (with each disease containing various phenotypes). Oxymizer Pendant FEATURES: Delivers a savings ratio of up to 4:1 / Reduces oxygen costs by up to 75% There are no batteries required. The tubing is much larger and less supple than "normal" cannulae. COPD patients often have greater problems with diaphragmatic fatigue. There are 3 types of standalone flow generators: air-oxygen blenders, built-in flow generators, and entrainment systems (Fig. Your email address will not be . Once this becomes available, it will be a useful tool to add to our noninvasive ventilatory support toolbox. SLH has only a short heating wire, and the distal end of the wire and the location of the temperature probe is different from the RT202. One of the last items you talked about was that a lower temperature may be more comfortable for the patient but that we also have to balance that with using an appropriate temperature that carries the right amount of humidity to the patient. By storing oxygen during, exhalation and delivering an enriched bolus in, addition to continuous flow upon inhalation, the, Oxymizer requires less oxygen than a standard, Avoid purchasing medical device on the web, Requirements of Medical Device Administrative Control System (MDACS), Listed Medical Device affixed with Listing Number HKMD No. Request PDF | Benefits of a reservoir nasal cannula (Oxymizer) vs. a conventional nasal cannula during exercise in hypoxemic patients with pulmonary fibrosis | Background: The Oxymizer device . Although the functional differences between various HFNC systems are minor, it is essential to prevent rainout in the inspiratory circuit to avoid adverse clinical events. Compatible with a wide variety of oxygen sources, including compressed gas, concentrators and liquid oxygen / Accommodates the oxygen delivery requirements of a broad range of patients. BiPAP should be avoided for patients with copious secretions. Tolerance of therapy is by all means most important. 2- most common devices are Non-rebreathal mask and venturi mask You can judge the performance of an oxygen delivery system by answering two key questions : 1- How much oxygen can the system delivered FiO2 ? Because the peak inspiratory flow rate of a resting individual is typically below 30 L/min, 2 delivering oxygen at higher flow rates (eg, 45 L/min) precludes contamination of oxygen within the facemask with room air, so that the effective FiO 2 is close to 1.0. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Patients can be weaned down to a conventional low-flow nasal cannula when appropriate (usually 1 to 6 L/minute or per . A typical HFNC system consists of a flow generator, active heated humidifier, single-limb heated circuit, and nasal cannula.16 According to the monitored oxygen concentration, FIO2 can be titrated with flows up to 60 L/min. 2022 The HomeCare Medical Ltd. All Rights Reserved. [3] As mentioned above, oxygen devices can provide much higher flow rates than a normal patient's inspiratory flow. E-mail. It can provide almost pure oxygen with a FiO 2 of approximately 100% and a maximal flow rate up to 60 L/min [ 8 ]. Two scenarios where patients may look absolute terrible, yet do well without intubation: (1) Acute pulmonary edema (may turn around rapidly with BiPAP and high-dose nitroglycerine infusion). 2 How many liters of oxygen are in a Oxymizer? The high flow cannula is bigger and as a result there is less resistance to the movement of oxygen from the concentrator. When in doubt, empiricism is king here: empirically trial the low-flow nasal cannula. 2 liters/minute), the oxymizer will increase the FiO2 which the patient experiences. How is this possible? Increase the Flow. (2) The high flow rate may provide a little positive pressure in the upper airway (similar to PEEP). The goal is a flow rate ~40 liters/minute, which will achieve a FiO2 very close to 100%. The goal of noninvasive respiratory support is essentially to support the patient long enough for other therapies to work (e.g. Noise levels of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) systems (OptiFlow, MaxVenturi, and AIRVO 2). An official website of the United States government. The primary use is for patients with chronic hypoxemic respiratory failure. hVn8yLHxDE_Q)bAiGXY2$~g(EMmlG9hHZ"b'@ { R in a COPD patient with normal pH yet severe dyspnea). Too much oxygen can be damaging to the patient's health, and it can result in the patient becoming dependent on high levels of oxygen. Background: Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP) has been the mainstay for non-invasive respiratory support for at risk neonates. Requirement for immediate intubation (e.g. The DeVilbiss 10L is the top-selling high-flow oxygen concentrator at Vitality Medical. High flow can thus be generated even though air and high-pressure oxygen wall supplies are unavailable. These are not preferred for treatment of acute respiratory failure, for the following reasons: (1) They lack any graphical display of the patient's respiratory behavior. There are no randomized trials comparing these 2 modes. The Latest Innovations That Are Driving The Vehicle Industry Forward. At high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) flow of 20 L/min, when V T increased from 300 to 700 mL, absolute humidity decreased; at HFNC flow of 40 and 50 L/min, absolute humidity did not vary according to V T. A: AIRVO 2. patients at high risk of emesis). (3) Washout of carbon dioxide in the upper pharynx reduces the work of breathing via. 24-hour continuous blood pressure monitoring, 24-Hour Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring Leaflet, oxygen during exhalation for delivery during inhalation, How can the Oxymizer achieve a savings ratio, allows decreasing the patients liter flow. It seems that patients with a higher demand for O2 ( 4 liters/min), in particular, may benefit more from the use of the Oxymizer. Placing a plastic sleeve around the circuit can insulate the limb exterior from cooler ambient air and decrease condensation.36 More sophisticated circuits have recently been developed. Normally the anatomic dead space extends from the respiratory bronchioles to the mouth (the site of fresh gas exchange). Oxygen is supplied via a low-pressure system, while the device monitors oxygen concentration. Haber H, Raber W, Kapfhammer G, Vetter N. Wien Klin Wochenschr. The benefit is greatest among sicker patients (e.g. B: A flow generator is built in with the AIRVO 2 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare (Auckland, New Zealand). High-flow Nasal cannula consists of a specific machine and tubingused to deliver a very high flow of oxygen that is heated and humidified. Both CHAD Oxymizers provide continuous high flow Oxygen Therapy for homecare, hospice, clinic, hospital or long term care. Which is better a nasal cannula or an oxymizer? Before The Oxymizer allows decreasing the patients liter flow while providing adequate oxygen saturation. opioids) with BiPAP. Devices delivering high-flow nasal oxygen are dicussed elsewhere. With conventional humidifiers, clinical event incidences, patient arousal, crying, and desaturation were higher. HFNC is arguably front-line therapy for patients with parenchymal lung disease (e.g. . This device should be considered if a flow rate above 6L/min is needed (or 4L/min for more than 15 minutes) to return to the patient's baseline. 0 Increase to 15 cm inspiratory pressure / 10 cm expiratory pressure. In this example, it is 10 cm; however, this can influence temperature control and the amount of condensation. A partial rebreather mask has side ports that are covered with single-way discs that prevent . (1) It can cause hypercapnia and hypoventilation. Regular nasal cannula provides between 1-6 liters of flow. The Maximum flow rate is at 6L/min. The Oxymizer device is a special oxygen nasal cannula that provides a higher luminal diameter in combination with an incorporated oxygen reservoir. With HFNC, the anatomic dead space extends from the respiratory bronchioles to only the mid-tracheal level (since fresh gas is being pumped into the upper airway). Oxymizer Pendant. Online Medical Education on Emergency Department (ED) Critical Care, Trauma, and Resuscitation. Currently, this is a clinical determination made at the bedside, based largely on patient appearance. This method can provide flow rates up to 60 L/min and FiO2 of 21% to 100%, irrespective of the flow rate. Face-Mask Oxygen. HFNC is a simple system with clinical effects mainly dependent on flow, oxygen concentration, and temperature setting. This may be worthwhile for patients with a highly BiPAP-responsive disease process (section above). In preterm infants, Mahoney et al48 compared the Vapotherm and Optiflow devices for weaning from nasal CPAP and found that both were similarly effective for weaning without increasing the risk of pneumothorax or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 2015 Apr;60(4):540-8. doi: 10.4187/respcare.03647. nurse and respiratory therapist) can help enormously. The site is secure. ; p<0.05). Allows unimpaired ability to communicate (facilitating patient assessment). endstream endobj 338 0 obj <>>> endobj 339 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 340 0 obj <>stream Increase to 18 cm inspiratory pressure / 15 cm expiratory pressure. Fresh gas will typically fill the patient's oropharynx (thus, the upper airway may function analogously to a non-rebreather reservoir). The 16SOFT listed above is first, and the 1600HF is second. For patients who are in acute respiratory failure and doing poorly, it may be helpful to increase the flow rate as high as the patient will tolerate (e.g. The Oxymizers are compatible with oxygen concentrators, compressed oxygen cylinders and liquid . We always start at 37C because it's our normal body temperature and it's what our cilia in our airway require to be able to function properly. pneumonia or interstitial lung disease). Structure of MaxVenturi. Jet flow is noisy. The ABG/VBG must immediately improve, or meet some arbitrary target (noting that such targets usually aren't evidence-based). Start at 10 cm inspiratory pressure / 5 cm expiratory pressure. Noninvasive Ventilation. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Tel(852) 2992-0226 Fax(852) 2992-0079 Business Hours: Mon-Fri: 10:30 13:00 14:00 18:00 Sat: 10:30 13:00 14:00 16:00 Sundays & Public Holidays: Closed, Room 1206, 12/F, Capitol Centre, 5-19 Jardines Bazaar, Causeway Bay Tel(852) 2882-7922 Fax(852) 2882-7911 Business Hours : Mon-Fri: 10:30 13:00 14:00 18:00 Sat: 10:30 13:00 14:00 16:00 Sundays & Public Holidays: Closed. ######, Choose a trusted medical devices supplier, 24-hour Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring, Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Allow for secretion clearance, if that is an issue (e.g. Some risk of emesis as patients emerge from sedation. Vapotherm devised a distinctive coaxial design. For now, although functional differences among the different HFNC systems seem to be minor, to avoid adverse clinical events, it is essential to know the advantages and disadvantages of each element. Lower risk of skin ulceration (avoids placing pressure over the bridge of the nose). Vapotherm provides a filter-type humidifying system. Usually, end-inspiratory lung volume increases as flow increases.49 Greater flow also washes out more anatomic dead space.18,19 For patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, the HFNC gas temperature may affect comfort: at equal flows, there is evidence that lowering the temperature to 31C can be more comfortable than 37C.49 Patients with more-severe hypoxemia find higher flows more comfortable. No significant contraindications (other than obvious ones, such as bilateral nasal packing). HFNC is the medical abbreviation for a high-flow nasal cannula. In table 5A0, Physiological Systems, Assistance, new qualifier value A High Nasal Flow/Velocity, has been added and applied to the body system value 9 Respiratory, and function value 5 Ventilation, to identify ventilatory . From Reference 25. For hypoxemic respiratory failure, the frontline treatment is supplemental oxygen. The Oxymizer device is a special oxygen nasal cannula that provides a higher luminal diameter in combination with an incorporated oxygen reservoir. As long as the patient is comfortable, protecting their airway, and stable/improving, that's OK. Expiratory pressure (ePAP) is the key here. This allows HFNC to be used in situations where BiPAP may be contraindicated (e.g. The HFNC system is simple: it requires only a flow generator, active heated humidifier, single heated circuit, and nasal cannula. All settings are controlled independently, allowing for greater confidence in the delivery of supplemental oxygen as well as better outcomes when used. The Oxymizer pendant is a special oxygen cannula that can be used to supply high flow long term oxygen therapy. Use of air and oxygen directly from the wall supply, a mechanical air-oxygen blender, and a flow meter enables stable delivery both of FIO2 and gas flow. Vs low 90s w my continuous flow too bulky machine to take. 60 liters/minute). For oxygen settings higher than 6 liters/minute, a high flow nasal cannula is needed. Average flow rates for . (2) Ketamine dissociation, patient fails to respond to BiPAP > intubation. Units 1-3, 4th Floor, Wing Ming Industrial Centre, 15 Cheung Yue Street, Lai Chi Kok. By reducing the anatomic dead space, HFNC makes ventilation. What do you need to know about the oxymizer pendant? Call your home care company with questions/concerns you may have. Long-Term Oxygen Therapy in COPD Patients Who Do Not Meet the Actual Recommendations. Abstract. Bookshelf Conventional low-flow devices (e.g., nasal cannula or simple face mask) provide 100% FiO2 at a maximum of 15 liters per minute. Secondary endpoints were to assess effects on patient discomfort, adverse events, and clinical outcomes. In this situation, patients may initially improve on BiPAP, but eventually develop mucus plugging with subsequent deterioration. H -"\ZEGr7pz1@a/ C%DD82NL R\ FU JHCh1*2V @'@62[F:8iBCH@qQc6If|zIV9bEL26?U. Although only 10 cm long, the wire influences temperature control and decreases condensation; however, because of the temperature gradient from each of the heating wires to the circuit wall, some degree of condensation is inevitable and is likely to be greater with a shorter wire. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on European Respiratory Society . For oxygen devices, there are high-flow, low-flow, and reservoir systems. 3. Aim of this prospective cross-over study was to investigate the effects of the Oxymizer in comparison to a conventional nasal cannula (CNC). A Venturi mask is able to provide an accurate concentration of oxygen by mixing high-flow oxygen with room air. CHAD Oxymizer is a Disposable Oxygen Conserver as part of an Nasal Oxygen Cannula that is available as a Mustache Oxymizer.The Mustache Oxymizer is a Fluidic Oxymizer. Delivers up to a 4:1 savings ratio. What kind of device is an oxygen oxymizer? 2). RCTs on patients with heart failure and COPD have shown that BiPAP reduces intubation rates and mortality among sicker patients. Nasal Cannula. Noninvasive respiratory support is best suited to patients with isolated respiratory failure. By storing oxygen during exhalation and delivering an enriched bolus in addition to continuous flow upon inhalation, the Oxymizer requires less oxygen than a standard cannula. Change the pendant every 3-4 weeks (your home care company can help with this). To add to Shawna's question, my experience has been that, if they are patients with COPD, they tend to like a lower humidity level. | Home Other products Respiratory system Oxygen Concentrator Oxymizer. Ventilator-triggered breaths may be volume-cycled or pressure-cycled (as with an invasive ventilator). 2017 Jun;14(3):351-366. doi: 10.1080/15412555.2017.1319918. Patients with acute respiratory failure due to pleural disease require emergent pleural drainage. Potential indications to use ventilator-triggered breaths: (a) Very sick patients who are unwilling to be intubated (DNI). Images courtesy Fisher & Paykel Healthcare and Vapotherm. Careers. Oronasal masks are usually tried first, but many patients find them too uncomfortable to tolerate. WHile these systems have become more common, in most instances a stand-alone system is used. A traditional nasal cannula can only effectively provide only up to 4 to 6 liters per minute of supplemental oxygen. For a patient with undifferentiated stridor, Heliox may be used to buy time while obtaining materials and colleagues needed for definitive management (e.g. High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy Devices, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.06718, Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Reversal of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease by inspiratory assistance with a face mask, Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008, Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, Groupe de Recherche en Ranimation Respiratoire du patient d'Onco-Hmatologie (GRRR-OH)), Effect of noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial, Noninvasive versus invasive mechanical ventilation for immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory 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physiological benefits, indication, clinical benefits, and adverse effects, Computational fluid dynamics modeling of extrathracic airway flush: evaluation of high flow cannula design elements, Nasal high flow clears anatomical dead space in upper airway models, Delivered oxygen concentrations using low-flow and high-flow nasal cannulas, Heated humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: mechanisms of action and clinical implications, Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, Efficacy of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: decreased use of mechanical ventilation, High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in adults, Noise exposure from high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy: a bench study on noise reduction, Effects of earplugs and eye masks combined with relaxing music on sleep, melatonin and cortisol levels in ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial, Sleep in the intensive care unit: a review, The effects of gas humidification with high-flow nasal cannula on cultured human airway epithelial cells, Effects of dry air and subsequent humidification on tracheal mucous velocity in dogs, Humidification performance of two high-flow nasal cannula devices: a bench study, Humidity and inspired oxygen concentration during high-flow nasal cannula therapy in neonatal and infant lung models, Humidification performance of humidifying devices for tracheostomized patients with spontaneous breathing: a bench study, Safety and long term outcomes with high flow nasal cannula therapy in neonatology: a large retrospective cohort study, Variability of resting respiratory drive and timing in healthy subjects, Patterns of ventilation in postoperative and acutely ill patients, Inspiratory tube condensation during high-flow nasal cannula therapy: a bench study, Humidification during high-frequency oscillation ventilation is affected by ventilator circuit and ventilatory setting, Risks associated with conventional humidifiers adapted for high-flow nasal cannula therapy in human infants: results of a time and motion study, Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for respiratory failure after extubation, Groupe de Recherche en Ranimation Respiratoire Onco-Hmatologique (GRRR-OH), Noninvasive ventilation and outcomes among immunocompromised patientsReply, Timing of noninvasive ventilation failure: causes, risk factors, and potential remedies, Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients, Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial, Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, Effect of noninvasive ventilation delivered by helmet vs face mask on the rate of endotracheal intubation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial, Predictors of noninvasive ventilation failure in patients with hematologic malignancy and acute respiratory failure, Optiflow versus Vapotherm as extended weaning mode from nasal continuous airway pressure in preterm infants < 28 weeks gestational age, Impact of flow and temperature on patient comfort during respiratory support by high-flow nasal cannula, https://www.fphcare.com/nz/products/airvo-2-airspiral-tube/.
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